IB, a cytoplasmic inhibitor of nuclear factor-B (NF-B), is degraded via the proteasome reportedly. suppressed PI-induced LC3B proteins expression and following IB degradation. Therefore, blocking from the Nrf2 pathway improved PI-induced cell loss of life. These findings claim that Nrf2-powered induction of LC3B plays an essential role in PI-induced activation of the IB/NF-B pathway, which attenuates the anti-tumor efficacy of PIs. protein synthesis and KEAP1 degradation, resulting in induction of LC3B, a macroautophagy marker, to degrade IB and regulate PI-induced cell death. These findings suggest that the activation of macroautophagy via an Nrf2-dependent mechanism suppresses PI-induced lung cancer cell death by IB degradation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reagents Rabbit polyclonal anti-IB, anti-LC3B, anti-phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), anti-sirtuin1, and anti-KEAP1 antibodies, cycloheximide, p65 siRNAs, and LC3B siRNAs were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, USA). Rabbit polyclonal anti-p65, anti-cIAP2, anti-PARP, anti-Nrf2(C-20), anti-Lamin A/C, goat polyclonal anti-COX-2, anti-GAPDH, mouse monoclonal Lamp2 antibodies, secondary antibodies conjugated RSV604 to horseradish peroxidase, Nrf2 siRNAs, control siRNAs, Lamp2 shRNAs, and control shRNAs were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, USA). Rabbit polyclonal Lamp2a antibody was from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). TNF- was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, USA). Bortezomib (PS-341) was obtained from Selleckchem (Houston, USA) and MG132 was from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). The eutomer of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), (?)-DHMEQ, was from ChemScene (Monmouth Junction, USA). Lipofectamine 2000 was purchased RSV604 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, USA). 3-MA and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium blue (MTT) was from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, USA). Cell line authentication NCI-H157 (ATCC, USA), derived from squamous cell lung cancer, and A549, lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, (Korean Cell Line Bank, Korea) were maintained in RPMI (GIBCO by Life Technologies, Grand Island, USA) containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS and RSV604 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37C under 5% CO2. Experiments performed on cells that were passaged less than 20 times. Quantitative real-time PCR Total RNA from NCI-H157 and A549 cells was isolated using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Germany). cDNA was synthesized from 1 g of total RNA using a Reverse Transcription system (Promega, USA). PCR amplification was performed with 2 TaqMan gene expression master mix (Applied Biosystems, USA). Nrf2 probe (Hs00975961_g1) and GAPDH probe (Hs99999905_m1) were obtained from Applied Biosystems. Power SYBR Green (Applied Biosystems) was used for PCR amplification for COX-2 and LC3B. COX-2 primers (fwd 5-TGAGCATCTACGGTTTGCTG-3, rev 5-TGCTTGTCTGGAACA ACTGC-3), LC3B primers (fwd 5-GAGAAGCAGCTTCCTG TTCTGG-3, rev 5-GTGTCCGTTCACCAACAGGAAG-3) and GAPDH primers (fwd 5-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3, rev 5-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3) were used. Preparation of cell extracts Cells were allowed to equilibrate in ice-cold cytoplasmic extraction buffer (CEB) consisting of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8), 10 mM KCl, 1.5 mM EDTA, and 0.5 mM DTT for 5 min. The cells were lysed on ice in a 0.4% NP-40/CEB/protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics Corporation, USA). Following centrifugation at 3,500 rpm for 5 min, the supernatants (cytoplasmic extracts) were collected. The nuclear pellets were washed with CEB and then suspended in nuclear extraction buffer (NEB) consisting of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8), 150 mM RSV604 RSV604 NaCl, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, and 0.4% NP-40/protease inhibitor cocktail. Following centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 15 min, the supernatants (nuclear extracts) were collected. Total cellular extracts were prepared in 1 cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology). Protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford method (Bio-Rad, USA). Western blot analysis Equal amounts of protein were resolved by 4C12% SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen) and transferred to nitrocellulose Rabbit Polyclonal to AKAP13 membranes (GE Healthcare Bio-sciences, UK). The membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk-blocking buffer for 1 h before incubation overnight at 4C with primary antibodies. The membranes were then washed three times and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies in blocking buffer for 1 h. After successive washes, the membranes were developed using SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Transfection.
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