Data Availability StatementThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. metabolism markers. The periodontitis group demonstrated significant bone loss, an increase in the number of inflammatory cells and vascular structures, an increase in resistin expression and synthesis, and a decrease in the expression of adiponectin, leptin, and its functional receptor. PDL fibroblasts showed a significant increase in resistin expression and synthesis in response to the inflammatory stimulus by IL-1= 0.80) and a significance level of = 0.05, a minimum of six animals in each group was necessary to execute the present study. Thus, a total of 24 male adult Holtzman rats, average weight of 300?g, were maintained in the animal facilities of the School of Dentistry at Araraquara under controlled temperature (22-25C) with a 12?h light/dark cycle. Animals were housed in plastic cages and received standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum. After 1 week of acclimatization, animals were randomly divided into two experimental groups: control (sham-operated) and ligature-induced periodontal disease. At baseline, animals from the periodontitis group received general anesthesia by intramuscular injections of 10% ketamine chlorhydrate (0.08?mL/100?g body weight) and 2% xylazine chlorhydrate (0.04?mL/100?g body weight). Cotton thread ligatures were Cerubidine (Daunorubicin HCl, Rubidomycin HCl) placed around the cervical area of both upper first molars and knotted mesially to induce experimental periodontal disease. After 6 and 12 days, all animals were sacrificed by anesthetic overdose. The maxillary jaws were hemisected, and one half of the maxillae including molars with Cerubidine (Daunorubicin HCl, Rubidomycin HCl) their surrounding tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48?h and stored in 70% ethanol for analysis of bone resorption by micro-CT. Later, these samples (6 hemimaxillae per group and time point) were decalcified in EDTA (10%, 0.5?M) for 2 months at RT [25C27] and embedded in paraffin for histological processing for stereometric and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. The other half of maxillae (6 hemimaxillae per group and time point) had the gingival tissues around the maxillary first molars carefully dissected for extraction of total RNA for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 2.2. Cell Culture and Treatment of Human Periodontal Fibroblasts This study and the protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bonn, and informed consent was obtained prior to sample collection (043/11). Human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts from up to 9 donors were isolated from periodontally healthy teeth that were extracted for orthodontic reasons. Briefly, cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium (DMEM, Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen), 100?U/mL penicillin, and 100?was applied at a concentration of 1 1?ng/mL, which is in the range of levels usually found in the GCF of periodontally diseased patients. In another experiment, PDL fibroblasts were treated with resistin to evaluate its role Cerubidine (Daunorubicin HCl, Rubidomycin HCl) in soft and hard tissue metabolism. A physiological concentration of resistin (100?ng/mL) was used for PDL fibroblast stimulation in vitro [15, 28]. Untreated cells served as a control. 2.3. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity In order to determine the role of resistin in potential hard tissue differentiation of PDL fibroblasts, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) specific activity was measured as a function of the release of p-nitrophenol from a phosphatase substrate, p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP), at pH 10.2 and normalized to total protein in PDL fibroblast lysates in the presence or absence of resistin after 1 and 6 days. To measure intracellular ALP, cells were lysed with 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma, Munich, Germany) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Invitrogen) on ice. The cell lysates were frozen and thawed three times to disrupt the cell membranes. Then, substrate (2?mg/mL pNPP, Sigma) was added to each sample. The absorbance was determined after 30?min of incubation at 37C with a microplate reader (Power Wave X; BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) at 405?nm. ALP activity was expressed as for 1 day using a commercially available ELISA kit (RayBio Human Resistin ELISA Kit, RayBiotech, Norcross, GA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The absorbance was determined with a microplate reader (PowerWave X, BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) at 450?nm. For normalization, cells were collected and counted using an automatic cell counter (Moelab, Hilden, Germany). 2.6. Micro-CT Micro-CT analysis was performed on animal tissues to evaluate the presence of bone destruction after periodontal Rabbit Polyclonal to ALK disease induction. The micro-CT measurements were performed in accordance with a previous study [29]. A high-resolution micro-CT imaging system Skyscan 1076 (Bruker, Kontich,.
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